There has been much conversation about the current measles outbreak in the United States. The District Nurse has put together an informational sheet that answers most common questions.
What causes measles?
Measles is caused by a virus.
How does measles spread?
Measles is spread from person to person through the air by infectious droplets; it is highly contagious.
How long does it take to show signs of measles after being exposed?
It takes an average of 10-12 days from exposure to the first symptom, which is usually fever. The measles rash doesn't usually appear until approximately 14 days after exposure, 2-3 days after the fever begins.
What are the symptoms of measles?
Symptoms include fever, runny nose, cough, loss of appetite, conjunctivitis, and a rash. The rash usually lasts 5- 6 days and begins at the hairline, moves to the face and upper neck, and proceeds down the body.
How serious is measles?
Measles can be a serious disease, with 30% of reported cases experiencing one or more complications. Death from measles occurs in 2 to 3 per 1,000 reported cases in the United States. Complications from measles are more common among very young children (younger than 5 years) and adults (older than 20 years).
What are potential complications of measles?
Diarrhea and ear infections are common complications of measles. More severe complications may also occur. As many as one out of every 20 children with measles gets pneumonia, the most common cause of death from measles in young children. About one child out of every 1,000 who get measles will develop encephalitis (swelling of the brain) that can lead to convulsions and can leave the child deaf or with intellectual disability. For every 1,000 children who get measles, one or two will die from it. Measles may cause pregnant woman to give birth prematurely or have a low-birth-weight baby.
How long is a person with measles contagious?
Measles is highly contagious and can be transmitted from four days before the rash becomes visible to four days after the rash appears.
What should be done if someone is exposed to measles?
Notification of the exposure should be communicated to a healthcare provider and the local health department. The Lake County Health District number is 440-350-2543. If the person has not been vaccinated, measles vaccine (MMR) may prevent disease if given within 72 hours of exposure. Immune globulin (a blood product containing antibodies to the measles virus) may prevent or lessen the severity of measles if given within six days of exposure.
What is recommended if a case of measles occurs among employees or children at a childcare facility/school?
• The facility should exclude persons with suspected measles from attendance until 4 days have passed since rash onset (they can return on the fifth day after the day of rash onset) if not immunocompromised.
• All facility staff born in or after 1957 who cannot provide adequate evidence of immunity should be vaccinated unless there is a valid contraindication. Exposed persons receiving their second MMR dose and previously unvaccinated persons receiving their first dose as part of the outbreak control program may be immediately readmitted to attend or work. However, these individuals should be monitored for signs and symptoms of measles.
• If a person without evidence of measles immunity chooses not to be vaccinated or is unable to be vaccinated due to medical reasons, that individual should be excluded from attendance until 21 days after rash onset in the last case of measles.
• Daily active surveillance of all facility contacts should be maintained by the local health department/school clinic to assess for early signs and symptoms of rash illnesses compatible with measles for 21 days from the last possible exposure in the childcare facility/school. Early symptoms of illness with measles include fever, cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis.
For more information from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), click here.
Posted Wednesday, May 8, 2019